Research progress on association between macrophages and ischemia-reperfusion injury / 器官移植

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an extremely complicated pathophysiological process, which may occur during the process of myocardial infarction, stroke, organ transplantation and temporary interruption of blood flow during surgery, etc. As key molecules of immune system, macrophages play a vital role in the pathogenesis of IRI. M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory cells and participate in the elimination of pathogens. M2 macrophages exert anti-inflammatory effect and participate in tissue repair and remodeling and extracellular matrix remodeling. The balance between macrophage phenotypes is of significance for the outcome and treatment of IRI. This article reviewed the role of macrophages in IRI, including the balance between M1/M2 macrophage phenotype, the mechanism of infiltration and recruitment into different ischemic tissues. In addition, the potential therapeutic strategies of targeting macrophages during IRI were also discussed, aiming to provide reference for alleviating IRI and promoting tissue repair.

Optimal diagnosis and treatment for renal allograft fibrosis / 器官移植

Renal allograft fibrosis is one of the common and severe complications after kidney transplantation, which seriously affects the function and survival rate of renal allograft, and may even lead to organ failure and patient death. At present, the researches on renal allograft fibrosis are highly complicated, including immunity, ischemia-reperfusion injury, infection and drug toxicity, etc. The diagnosis and treatment of renal allograft fibrosis remain extremely challenging. In this article, the latest research progress was reviewed and the causes, novel diagnosis and treatment strategies for renal allograft fibrosis were investigated. By improving diagnostic accuracy and optimizing treatment regimen, it is expected to enhance clinical prognosis of kidney transplant recipients, aiming to provide reference for clinicians to deliver proper management for kidney transplant recipients.

Injection of freshly collected adipose tissue for the treatment complex cryptoglandular anal fistula: case report

Introduction: Perianal fistula is a common colorectal disease which is caused mainly by cryptoglandular disease. Although most cases are treated successfully by surgery, management of complex perianal fistulas (CPAF) remains a challenge with limited results in recurrence and sometimes associated with fecal incontinence. The CPAF treatment with autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) had become a research hotspot. The technique started to be used in the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) fistulas, where the studies showed safe and goods result from the procedure. Cultured ASCs have been used but this approach requires the preceding collection of adipose tissue, time for isolation of ASCs and subsequent in vitro expansion, need for laboratory facilities, and expertise in cell culturing. These factors have been getting over by using the commercially available alternative, allogenic ASCs. Treatment with allogeneic ASCs has shown good results in patients with CD fistulas, however with the disadvantage of being expensive. Objective: To show that the injection with freshly collected adipose tissue is an alternative to treatment with autologous or allogenic ASCs with several advantages. Methods: In this case report, we show our first experience in the treatment of CPAF with the application of collected adipose tissue in a tertiary referral hospital from Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Results The patient had a good postoperative recuperation with a complete fistula healing after 8 months without adverse effects. Conclusion: Injection with freshly collected adipose tissue is a promising and apparently safe sphincter-sparing technique in the treatment of CPAF. (AU)

Clinical research advance in immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer / 中华消化外科杂志

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common tumors in digestive system, which is characterized by insidious clinical symptoms, strong invasion, easy metastasis and high mortality. In recent years, immunotherapy is a new direction to the treatment of solid tumors, but its applica-tion in pancreatic cancer is limited by tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. The authors systematically analyze the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer, summarize the clinical researches related to pancreatic cancer immunotherapy, and discuss the prospect of pancreatic cancer immunotherapy.

The value of ouantitative parameters of magnetic resonance imaging in predicting the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for children and adolescents with mature aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the value of quantitative parameters of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy for children and adolescents with mature aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).Methods:It was a retrospective multicenter study.Clinical data of 44 children and adolescents diagnosed with mature aggressive B-cell NHL between January 2016 and January 2023 in Henan Cancer Hospital, Beijing Gaobo Boren Hospital, and the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were divided into complete response (CR) group and non-CR group based on the international criteria for the diagnosis of pediatric NHL.Quantitative parameters of MRI, including T2 signal intensity, the minimal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmin), maximal ADC (ADCmax), and the mean ADC (ADCmean) were measured before and within 2 weeks after CAR-T infusion.The correlation between the above parameters and the achievement of CR was analyzed.The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the inter-observer agreement among observers in measuring quantitative parameters of MRI.Differences between groups were analyzed using the independent sample t-test.Factors influencing CR were identified through the binary Logistic regression analysis, and a prediction model was established.Model performance was evaluated by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results:Significant differences were observed between the CR group and non-CR group in T2 signal intensity before CAR-T infusion (267±152 vs.364±160, P=0.048), and ADCmin (0.94±0.38 vs.0.53±0.28, P<0.05), ADCmax (1.73±0.69 vs.0.84±0.43, P<0.05), ADCmean (1.28±0.48 vs.0.67±0.33, P<0.05), and T2 signal intensity within 2 weeks after CAR-T infusion (198±139 vs.345±168, P=0.004). A univariate prediction model was created by introducing the above quantitative parameters.The area under the curve (AUC), specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of T2 signal intensity before CAR-T infusion in predicting the efficacy on children and adolescents with mature aggressive B-cell NHL were 0.800, 84.0%, 57.9%, and 72.7%, respectively.The AUC, specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of ADCmax within 2 weeks of CAR-T infusion were 0.958, 88.0%, 78.9%, and 84.1%, respectively.The AUC, specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of T2 signal intensity within 2 weeks of CAR-T infusion were 0.869, 84.0%, 68.4%, and 77.3%, respectively. Conclusions:Quantitative parameters of MRI, including ADC values and T2 signal intensity, are of great significance in the early prediction of CAR-T therapy efficacy on children and adolescents with mature aggressive B-cell NHL.Among these parameters, ADCmax presents the strongest predictive performance and serves as a valuable indicator for predicting a complete response with CAR-T treatment.

Gut microbiome and tumor immunotherapy / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Neoplasms immunotherapy has made a major breakthrough in the clinical practice of refractory tumor. However, there are still individual differences in treatment results and drug resistance in clinical application. Gastrointestinal microbiome is gradually recognized as an immunoregulatory factor in recent years, and more and more studies have focused on its influences on the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Targeting gastrointestinal microbiota to improve the response of tumor patients to immunotherapy has potential clinical application value.

Research progress in quality research and evaluation of human mesenchymal stem cells / 国际生物医学工程杂志

As adult stem cells, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have the potential for self-replication, renewal, and multidirection differentiation. Their unique biological function determines their wide clinical indications. Researchers can define the quality attributes of hMSCs according to clinical expectations. The quality study of hMSCs should consider microbiological safety, biological safety, cell biological properties, and biological effectiveness. Quality evaluation is a common physical, chemical, and biological evaluation method for hMSCs. Traditional product safety evaluation strategies cannot fully adapt to current technology and product usage characteristics. Researchers have developed new, effective evaluation methods based on current technology. In terms of product efficacy evaluation strategies, an efficacy evaluation system has been gradually established and standardized according to the intended clinical use and based on quality studies, which can enable researchers to evaluate hMSCs products more comprehensively at different stages and processes. In this paper, the progress of quality research and evaluation of human mesenchymal stem cells was reviewed to provide a reference for the utilization of stem cells in the field of regenerative medicine.

Advances in stem cells treatment of androgenetic alopecia / 中国药科大学学报

@#Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most prominent type of progressive hair loss in humans.At present, medication is the main treatment for AGA, however, drug therapy has significant side-effects. Stem cells provide a new strategy for the treatment of AGA, because of their role in tissue repair and maintenance of microenvironmental homeostasis.This paper reviews the pathogenesis of AGA, discusses the defects of traditional drug therapy,and discusses the research progress of stem cells and stem cell derivatives in the treatment of AGA, in order to provide a comprehensive review of the prospects of stem cell therapy for AGA.

Advances in application of regulatory T cells in transplant immune tolerance: from basic to clinical research / 器官移植

Regulatory T cells (Treg) are important inhibitory immune cells to establish immune tolerance, which play a pivotal role in regulating excessive immune response and autoimmune diseases of the host. Previous studies related to transplant immune tolerance have confirmed that increasing the number of Treg in vivo or enhancing the function of Treg serve as a therapeutic strategy to induce transplant immune tolerance. At present, Treg-based induction methods for transplant immune tolerance include adoptive infusion of Treg, in vivo amplification of Treg and utilization of antigen-specific Treg. In this article, the characteristics and mechanism of Treg, the latest research progress on basic experiments and clinical practice of Treg related to transplant immune tolerance at home and abroad were reviewed, and future challenges and development of Treg therapy were prospected, aiming to unravel the significance and application prospect of Treg in transplant immune tolerance, explore the advantages and limitations of Treg therapeutic strategies, and provide reference and evidence for subsequent research in this field.

Liver graft preservation and functional maintenance accelerate the development of liver transplantation / 器官移植

As an effective treatment for end-stage liver disease, liver transplantation has been widely carried out worldwide and gradually captivated widespread recognition. With the advancement of liver transplantation techniques, the incidence of postoperative complications has been gradually declined, and the short-term and long-term prognosis of recipients have been constantly improved. However, a huge gap has existed between the supply and demand of donor organs, which is a major factors restricting the development of liver transplantation. The amount of liver transplantation operation in China is increasing year by year, the shortage of donor liver is becoming more and more prominent, and marginal donor liver is increasingly used in clinic. In recent years, the selection criteria of donor organs, organ preservation and functional maintenance have been continuously improved. In this article, the application and development trend of different techniques were reviewed from the perspectives of donor liver preservation and functional maintenance, and recent technical development and research results were summarized, aiming to provide reference for further enhancing the survival rate of grafts and recipients and promoting the development of liver transplantation in China.

Double-negative T cells: a promising avenue of adoptive cell therapy in transplant oncology / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Tumor recurrence is one of the major life-threatening complications after liver transplantation for liver cancer. In addition to the common mechanisms underlying tumor recurrence, another unavoidable problem is that the immunosuppressive therapeutic regimen after transplantation could promote tumor recurrence and metastasis. Transplant oncology is an emerging field that addresses oncological challenges in transplantation. In this context, a comprehensive therapeutic management approach is required to balance the anti-tumor treatment and immunosuppressive status of recipients. Double-negative T cells (DNTs) are a cluster of heterogeneous cells mainly consisting of two subsets stratified by T cell receptor (TCR) type. Among them, TCRαβ+ DNTs are considered to induce immune suppression in immune-mediated diseases, while TCRγδ+ DNTs are widely recognized as tumor killers. As a composite cell therapy, healthy donor-derived DNTs can be propagated to therapeutic numbers in vitro and applied for the treatment of several malignancies without impairing normal tissues or being rejected by the host. In this work, we summarized the biological characteristics and functions of DNTs in oncology, immunology, and transplantation. Based on the multiple roles of DNTs, we propose that a new balance could be achieved in liver transplant oncology using them as an off-the-shelf adoptive cell therapy (ACT).

Effect of Hemoglobin on Efficacy of CAR-T Therapy in Patients with Multiple Myeloma / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of hemoglobin (Hb) on the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM).@*METHODS@#From June 2017 to December 2020, 76 MM patients who received CAR-T therapy in the Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, with complete clinical data and evaluable efficacy, were selected as the research objects. According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the best cut-off value was obtained. The patients were divided into groups on the basis of Hb 105.5 g/L as the cut-off value. The age, sex, serum calcium, β2-microglobulin, serum creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the influencing factors of CAR-T treatment efficacy in MM patients were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Hb was an influencing factor of efficacy. Univariate analysis showed that Hb, LDH, and albumin affected the efficacy of CAR-T therapy. Multivariate analysis showed that Hb ( OR=1.039, 95% CI: 1.002-1.078) and LDH ( OR=1.014, 95% CI: 1.000-1.027) were the influencing factors for the efficacy of CAR-T therapy.@*CONCLUSION@#The efficacy of CAR-T therapy in MM patients with low Hb is poor, and Hb is a factor affecting the efficacy of CAR-T therapy.

Recent Progress of Nano-drug Combined with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Soild Tumors / 中国肺癌杂志

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy has shown remarkable success in treating hematological malignancies. However, CAR-T therapy for solid tumors is still limited due to the unique solid-tumor microenvironment and heterogeneous target antigen expression, which leads to an urgent need of combining other therapies. At present, nano delivery system has become one of the most promising directions for the development of anti-tumor drugs. Based on the background of CAR-T and tumor treatment, we focus on the research progress of nanomedicine combined with CAR-T therapy, and systematically review the strategies and examples in recent years in the aspects of in vivo delivery of mRNA, regulation of tumor microenvironment, combination with photothermal therapy. And we also look forward to the future direction of this filed.
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Cotransplantation of marginal mass allogeneic islets with 3D culture-derived adult human skin cells improves glycemia in diabetic mice

Islet transplantation represents a therapeutic option for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Long-term viability of transplanted islets requires improvement. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been proposed as adjuvants for islet transplantation facilitating grafting and functionality. Stem cell aggregation provides physiological interactions between cells and enhances the in situ concentration of modulators of inflammation and immunity. We established a hanging-drop culture of adult human skin fibroblast-like cells as spheroids, and skin spheroid-derived cells (SphCs) were characterized. We assessed the potential of SphCs in improving islet functionality by cotransplantation with a marginal mass of allogeneic islets in an experimental diabetic mouse model and characterized the secretome of SphCs by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. SphCs were characterized as multipotent progenitors and their coculture with anti-CD3 stimulated mouse splenocytes decreased CD4+ T cell proliferation with skewed cytokine secretion through an increase in the Th2/Th1 ratio profile. SphCs-conditioned media attenuated apoptosis of islets induced by cytokine challenge in vitro and importantly, intratesticular SphCs administration did not show tumorigenicity in immune-deficient mice. Moreover, SphCs improved glycemic control when cotransplanted with a marginal mass of allogeneic islets in a diabetic mouse model without pharmacological immunosuppression. SphCs' protein secretome differed from its paired skin fibroblast-like counterpart in containing 70% of up- and downregulated proteins and biological processes that overall positively influenced islets such as cytoprotection, cellular stress, metabolism, and survival. In summary, SphCs improved the performance of transplanted allogeneic islets in an experimental T1D model, without pharmacological immunosuppression. Future research is warranted to identify SphCs-secreted factors responsible for islets' endurance.

Terapia celular en enfermedades neurodegenerativas: una opción de tratamiento innovadora / Cell Therapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Innovative Treatment Option

Introducción. Las enfermedades neurodegenerativas se caracterizan por la degeneración y pérdida de células nerviosas que conllevan trastornos de disfunción cognitiva y sensoriomotora, enfermedades tales como la esclerosis múltiple (EM) y la enfermedad de Párkinson (EP) entre otras. Recientemente, se ha reportado sobre resultados prometedores de la terapia celular con Células Madre Mesenquimales, células con la capacidad de diferenciarse en células del tejido nervioso, en el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Objetivo. Evidenciar la utilidad de las células madre mesenquimales de médula ósea en el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple y enfermedad de Párkinson, como una posibilidad terapéutica en los tratamientos convencionales no favorables. Material y métodos. Estudio longitudinal prospectivo que consideró pacientes con EM (n=2) y EP (n=2), quienes como tratamiento coadyuvante recibieron células madre mesenquimales de médula ósea mediante método de trasplante autólogo. Resultados. Los pacientes recibieron entre 1 a 3 sesiones de reinfusión de células madre mesenquimales, cuyos seguimientos y evaluaciones periódicas reflejaron respuestas beneficiosas. Se observó mejoras representativas en las respectivas puntuaciones EDSS y UPDRS, así como, en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Conclusiones . La terapia celular con células madre mesenquimales de médula ósea constituye una posibilidad terapéutica factible para las enfermedades neurodegenerativas como la EM y EP.

Introduction. Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by a degeneration and loss of nerve cells leading to cognitive and sensorimotor dysfunction disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) among others. Recently, it has been reported promising results of cell therapy employing Mesenchymal Stem Cells, cells with the ability to differentiate into nervous tissue cells, in the treatment of neurological diseases. Objective. To expose the utility of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, as a therapeutic option in unfavorable treatment outcomes. Material and methods. Prospective longitudinal study that included MS (n=2) and PD (n=2) patients, who received autologous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as adjuvant treatment. Results. Patients received autologous MSC therapy from 1 to 3 reinfusions, follow-up and regular evaluations reflected beneficial responses. Representative improvements concerning patients' respectively EDSS or UPDRS scores, as well as in their quality of life were observed. Conclusions. Mesenchymal stem cells therapy constitutes a feasible therapeutic option for neurodegenerative disorders such as MS and PD.

Caracterización morfométrica nuclear de la epidermis sana en pacientes de diferentes edades y sexo

Introducción : La piel es un órgano complejo altamente vulnerable al envejecimiento, fenómeno que biológicamente provoca cambios a nivel tisular y celular. De manera usual los elementos histológicos que la caracterizan se describen con un enfoque cualitativo, sin tener en cuenta la edad, sin embargo, desde el punto de vista cuantitativo, aspecto este que lo posibilita la morfometría no ha sido abordado en todas sus potencialidades. Objetivo : Caracterizar el comportamiento de indicadores morfométricos como perímetro, área, volumen nuclear en las células de la capa espinosa de la epidermis sana, según edad y sexo. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio de serie de casos con 12 pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de carcinoma basocelular atendidos en Centro Oncológico del Hospital Provincial Universitario Vladimir Ilich Lenin de Holguín, en el año 2019 y a los cuales se les extirpó el tumor mediante una biopsia escisional que incluía la lesión y un borde amplio de piel sana. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos, estos últimos basados en técnicas morfométricas, luego se realizó análisis estadísticos de los datos obtenidos y se reflejaron en tablas. Resultados : A medida que avanza la edad el perímetro, el área y el volumen nuclear disminuyen en ambos sexos. Conclusiones : Tanto el perímetro, como el área y el volumen nuclear disminuyen en las células de la capa espinosa de la epidermis sana en ambos sexos a medida que avanza la edad, lo que traduce disminución del tamaño nuclear.

Introduction: The skin is a complex organ highly vulnerable to aging, a phenomenon that biologically causes changes at the tissue and cellular level. Usually the histological elements that characterize it are described with a qualitative approach, without taken age into account, however from the quantitative point of view, this aspect that morphometry makes possible has not been addressed in all its potentialities. Objective: To characterize the behavior of morphometric indicators such as perimeter, area, nuclear volume in the cells of the spinous layer of the healthy epidermis, according to age and sex. Methods: A case series study was carried out with 12 patients diagnosed with histopathology of basal cell carcinoma treated at the Oncology Center of the Provincial University Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin of Holguin, in the year 2019 and to which the tumor was removed by means of an excisional biopsy that included the lesion and a broad border of healthy skin. Theoretical and empirical methods were used, the latter based on techniques morphometric, then statistical analysis of the data obtained was performed and were reflected in tables. Results: As age advances the nuclear perimeter, area, and volume decreased in both sexes. Conclusions: Both the perimeter, the area and the nuclear volume decrease in the cell of the spinous layer of the healthy epidermis in both sexes as age advances, which translates into a decrease in nuclear size.

CAR-T cell therapy for multiple myeloma: a practical toolkit for treatment in Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy is an emerging treatment option for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) that is a multi-step process involving various stakeholders. Appropriate education on the practical logistics is therefore paramount to ensure treatment success. Methods A group of key opinion leaders met to explore the key elements of setting up and running a CAR-T center in Brazil. For each step in the CAR-T cell therapy process, the experts agreed on basic requirements, gave their key recommendations from practical experience, and considered any remaining unanswered questions. Results This paper presents best-practice recommendations and advice on how to overcome common challenges for each step in the CAR-T cell therapy process, with a focus on the current situation in Brazil. Key themes throughout the process are collaboration within the multidisciplinary team and with the referring physician, along with communication and education for patients and their caregivers. Conclusion We believe that the expert insights presented in this paper, in particular on optimal patient selection and timing of CAR-T cell therapy, will deepen understanding of the CAR-T process and aid implementation of this novel therapy for patients with RRMM in Brazil.

Genomic instability in long-term culture of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells stem (MSC) have been widely studied due to their great potential for application in tissue engineering and regenerative and translational medicine. In MSC-based therapy for human diseases, cell proliferation is required to obtain a large and adequate number of cells to ensure therapeutic efficacy. During in vitro culture, cells are under an artificial environment and manipulative stress that can affect genetic stability. Several regulatory agencies have established guidelines to ensure greater safety in cell-based regenerative and translational medicine, but there is no specific definition about the maximum number of passages that ensure the lowest possible risk in MSC-based regenerative medicine. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze DNA damage and chromosome alterations in adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADMSC) until the eleventh passage and to provide additional subsidies to regulatory agencies related to number of passages in these cells. Thus, two methods in genetic toxicology were adopted: comet assay and micronucleus test. The comet assay results showed an increase in DNA damage from the fifth passage onwards. The micronucleus test showed a statistically significant increase of micronucleus from the seventh passage onwards, indicating a possible mutagenic effect associated with the increase in the number of passages. Based on these results, it is important to emphasize the need to assess genetic toxicology and inclusion of new guidelines by regulatory agencies to guarantee the safety of MSC-based therapies for human diseases.

Stem cell therapy in stargardt disease: a systematic review

This article aimed to review current literature on the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in Stargardt disease. A comprehensive literature search was performed, and two animal and eleven human clinical trials were retrieved. These studies utilized different kinds of stem cells, including human or mouse embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow mononuclear fraction, and autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells. In addition, different injection techniques including subretinal, intravitreal, and suprachoroidal space injections have been evaluated. Although stem cell therapy holds promise in improving visual function in patients with Stargardt disease, further investigation is needed to determine the long-term benefits, safety, and efficacy in determining the best delivery method and selecting the most appropriate stem cell type.

Mechanism of Kidney-tonifying and Anti-aging Chinese Medicines Combined with Stem Cell Therapy in Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Alzheimer's disease （AD） is a neurodegenerative disease associated with aging and age-related cognitive decline. It is characterized by insidious onset and progressive development， and has become a major global health and socioeconomic issue. The exact mechanisms underlying AD have not been fully elucidated， and various hypotheses have been proposed by researchers based on different etiologies， including the amyloid β （Aβ） cascade hypothesis， Tau protein hyperphosphorylation hypothesis， mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress hypothesis， and neurotransmitter hypothesis. Therefore， there is an urgent need for comprehensive interventions targeting multiple pathways， links， and targets. Based on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） theory and modern research findings， kidney-tonifying and anti-aging Chinese medicines have unique advantages of toxicity reduction， long-lasting effects， and treating both the root cause and the symptoms. They have been shown to counteract immune-inflammatory responses， clear reactive oxygen species， exhibit antioxidant properties， inhibit abnormal aggregation of Aβ and Tau proteins， reduce neuronal apoptosis， regulate central neurotransmitters， and modulate gut microbiota in AD. In recent years， stem cell therapy has been explored for the treatment of AD through two strategies： endogenous activation and exogenous transplantation， thereby replenishing and replacing damaged neurons. However， factors such as blood-brain barrier permeability， targeted delivery to the affected area， immune rejection， and cell survival rate can affect the efficacy of stem cell transplantation. Therefore， combining stem cell therapy with medication and other methods can further enhance the effectiveness of stem cell transplantation. Kidney-tonifying and anti-aging Chinese medicines can activate dormant neural stem cells（NSCs） in the body， promote neuroregeneration， and facilitate tissue and organ repair and reconstruction in AD. The combined treatment of these Chinese medicines and stem cell transplantation has shown more significant efficacy compared to either treatment alone. This combination therapy provides a new integration point for the modernization of TCM and offers new ideas and approaches for the prevention and treatment of AD， as well as improving the effectiveness of stem cell transplantation.